So, you’ve bought curtains for your bathroom and now you can’t go around buying a dozen shower curtain hooks. There’s a couple of things in life that’s quite irritating to go shopping for hooks. I too wish that a dozen of these would teleport itself to my toilet.
Just a couple of dollars will very much guarantee the fact that you’re getting the best shower curtain hooks for yourself. Anything otherwise will bring about misfortune like rust. Rust will too get to the fabric or plastic of the curtain and totally ruin the looks.
Table of Contents
Best Shower Curtain Hooks
Let’s find out the best shower curtain hooks that you should have on your bathroom.

1. Hermosa Collection Luxury Shower Curtain Hooks
The design from the Hermosa collection store is suitable for any kind of bathroom decor for its unique design and build quality. It is made of silver with chrome finishing. The chrome finishing makes the rod rust free and it lasts for long.
It is a complete package having 12 individual hanging bathtub hooks that help you to hold any cloth or stuff easily. You can hang them seamlessly. The manufacturers are trusty and ensure the best possible quality so that you can use them without having any problem.
It has great durability, has self-protection from rust. It can be easily cleaning with a wet cloth; you will need to wipe from one side to the other. It is very sturdy and heavy.
These hooks outlooks make it really attractive in any condition. It easily matches with any bathroom hardware decor. They are very easy to install. The hooks glide very smoothly over the rod.
One thing you need to be careful about is that the balls might get broken if the hooks fall on the ground. You need to keep them very carefully. After a long time of usage, the hooks may show signs of rusts.
2. Agptek Shower Curtain Rods
These shower curtain rods are made of stainless steel. It won’t matter how long you use this product. It has chrome finishing over the stainless steel which gives it a more shiny and attractive look.
It looks good in any bathroom background. It contains five small roller balls on the top part which makes it glide free; so you can effortlessly slide the curtains. The balls also reduce the effect of an irritating snag if the joints in the rods.
The hooks are closed which makes it impossible for the curtain to fall. You will get a set of 12 pieces of hooks, so any ordinary curtain will pair with it. It has 10 years of guarantee. It is very easy to install.
Small balls at the top of the ring look really attractive. The hooks are waterproof and won’t come off, no matter how hard you pull it. Overall the quality of this hook is really high.
One problem that I face is that the top part of the hook is wide enough to fit into any kind of rod, but the bottom part is narrow to hold a curtain and liner in one place.
3. mDesign Decorative Shower Curtain Hooks
This shower curtain comes with a set of 12 hooks. Wrenwane ensures the best quality on these products that not only make them durable but also look elegant. The hooks are made of durable plastic and woven plastic details.
The installation of them is very easy, all you have to do is just close the hooks around the self-grommet or buttonhole. They are easy and safe to use and perfect to use in any kind of condition.
Although the hooks are made of plastic they are very sturdy and work really well. It glides very smoothly over the rods. The decoration of the hooks can also pair up with almost every bathroom. Moreover, it looks very expensive and luxurious.
They are ideal for a hot climate environment, so if you are from this kind of area then you should be tensed to use them. These metals are durable and strong and will not be mealt up any time.
Some though complain about the product. They said that their hooks rusted after several months of usage and also made so much noise while gliding.
4. Uigos Shower Curtain Hooks for Bathroom
These shower curtain hooks are made of pure stainless steel, so there is no chance of rusting. The price is also budget friendly. The hooks are also polished which gives it a shiny and expensive look.
The best part of the product is it has the most smooth glide features, that makes it smoothly movable over the rod on your bathroom. So it will never be stuck at any place. The rods are also chrome plated. It is very easy to install and is friction free, so it glides very easily and smoothly over the rod.
Moreover, it also has strong hold features to lock it at the particular point tightly. The roller balls in the hooks prevent snagging, tugging and pulling off the curtain. If you are not satisfied there is 100% money back guarantee.
The hooks close like the safety pin, therefore no chances of the curtain to fall. These hooks make gliding of the curtain very comforting. It works great for heavy or large curtains.
5. iDesign T-Bar Metal Shower Curtain Hooks, Rust Resistant Shower Hooks Rings for Kid’s Bathroom, Guest Bathroom, Master Bathroom, Set of 12, Chrome

iDesign’s decorative shower curtain hooks have a unique T-bar design that looks great with any bathroom décor. Available as a set of 12, these hooks are made of stainless steel with a chrome finish, so they are quite durable and resistant to rust. They are designed to hold both a curtain and a liner and feature smooth gliding on shower curtain rods – the hooks have the perfect size to fit on various standard rods. You can install them easily to accessorize your shower area with sleek metallic hooks. They enable a better flow of movement and allow you to adjust the curtain/liner without trouble.
Some customers complained about the weight distribution of these hooks, as they tend to fall off more often and can collapse under the combined weight of curtains and liners.
6. InterDesign York Classic Shower Hooks Set of 12

This is another shower hook option from iDesign. The set of 12 includes the best shower curtain hooks that have a white and chrome finish. They can accommodate 2 curtains together – or you can pair up a curtain with a liner. The hooks glide smoothly on curtain rods and are simply stylish to fit any bathroom interior design. Their durable steel construction keeps them rust-resistant, functional, and elegant to last a long time. Each hook is also the right size for standard shower curtain rods.
The main issue with this set is that the hooks do not remain stable on the curtain rod and tend to fall off. You might only be able to use polyester liners to keep them balanced. They can also break easily if you are not careful while handling or installing them.
7. Amazon Basics Shower Curtain Hooks – Dual-Sided Hooks, Nickel

Amazon Basics offers a set of 12 dual-sided hooks featuring nickel finishing. They are designed to hold a curtain and a liner. Their durable construction prevents issues with rusting or tarnishing and keeps them suitable for long-term uses. You can install them easily; they are even available in different colors and finishes to suit your bathroom décor. The dual-sided style is an all-time favorite among customers who want to keep their curtain and liner sheets separate. This allows for quick drying and lets moisture evaporate faster. The roller beads also enable smooth gliding on curtain rods. The set is quite popular for bathroom remodeling ideas as these hooks make your shower area stand out in simple, sleek aesthetics.
One major complaint regarding this set was its mislabeled finish. Make sure to confirm the finish material before buying if matching color is your priority.
8. Amazon Basics Shower Curtain Hooks – Button, Blue

These are some of the best shower curtain hooks by Amazon Basics. The button-style design makes a decorative accessory for your shower curtain rod. Available as a set of 12 hooks for shower curtains and liners, these hooks are easy to install and are sturdy enough to withstand frequent exposure to water. You can use them in guest bathrooms for a pop of color that stands out. They are also available in different colors and finishes. Customers who bought this piece were happy with the minimal design without any clips to hold the curtain and liner in place.
The hooks are ideal for slim curtain rods and might not fit all rod types. They also tend to collapse under the added weight of curtains and liners and can fly off the rod if moved swiftly.
9. Carnation Home Fashions Color Rounds Ceramic Resin Shower Curtain Hook, White

Carnation Home Fashions offers a range of the best shower curtain hooks. This 12-piece set is a combination of 80% resin and 10% steel metal and can be found in other colors like red, sage, and blue. The round buttons are hand-painted by the brand and open a lot of DIY scope for bathroom remodels. As mentioned in the reviews, you can paint over the resin button and customize the hooks to match your curtains. They are sturdy enough to last a long time and are super easy to install.
The set’s good construction can be limited by the original, low-quality painting on the buttons. Some users complained about the paint actually peeling off or getting chipped right out of the box. The hook should also be a little longer so that it can stay on curtain rods instead of sliding off.
10. Carnation Home Fashions “Snap Plastic Shower Curtain Hooks, White

This is another set of 12 from Carnation Home Fashions, featuring plastic shower curtain hooks that you can easily snap on or detach. Apart from white, the hooks are also available in other colors. They are all sturdy for long-term convenience and solve the problem of rusting thanks to their plastic construction. Customers looking for good replacements for their rusted metal hooks found this set to be very valuable and functional. If you prefer simple functionality and longevity over metallic aesthetics, then these plastic shower curtain hooks are the best option. They also stay locked on the rod until you release them, so there are no more issues of hooks slipping off the rod or curtains falling every now and then.
The only downside is that the hooks are not wide enough to accommodate a curtain and a liner at the same time. They also cannot fit in various standard grommets, so make sure to confirm your curtain’s specifications before buying this set.
11. Moen SR2201BL Shower Curtain Ring, Pack of 12, Matte Black

Moen’s shower curtain ring has a matte black finish and is available as a set of 12 hooks. They can fit various standard curtain rods and are super easy to use. The versatile dual hook design can hold a curtain and a liner while keeping them separate for good airflow in between. It is definitely one of the best shower curtain hook designs that last longer and add an effective look to your shower place.
Although the hooks work great in the beginning, they can get rusted over time and lose their finish. The roller beads in particular are more prone to rusting. Ideally, you need to have a cloth fabric curtain on each end to add enough weight for balancing the hook on the curtain rod. Plastic curtains or liners might cause it to slide off easily. Also, each of the 2 end beads is non-removable and cannot fit in metal grommets. Unless you get the balance and the curtain type right, you can be slowed down by the hooks’ limited execution.
Best Shower Curtain Rings
Here are the top 7 best shower curtain rings selected and reviewed –
1. Amazer Waterproof Stainless Steel Shower Curtain Rings Hooks
These are the closed ring system hooks. The upper part of the ring is wide which makes it easily fit into any size of rods. The upper part also contains small rolling balls which makes it glide smoothly over the rod.
For installation, you will have to clasp the ring lock and loop it with the curtain after that snap the clasp along the rod. The hooks can stretch up to 1 inch without snapping. These hooks are corrosion free. And guarantees money back within 60 days if you are not satisfied.
The hooks are made of stainless steel. The hooks are very strong, so it can hold heavy or large curtains and the sealed shut system makes the curtain impossible to slip/fall. You will get a total of 12 hooks in this set of shower curtain hooks.
The hooks are thick which makes it strong, and stone at the bottom gives it an ideal weight. The hooks are shiny and look really good with any bathroom hardware decor. The installation is very easy and less time-consuming.
2. Maytex metal double glide shower curtain rings/hooks
You can get this hook in three different polished materials, which are chrome, oiled bronze and brushed nickel. These Maytex metal hooks are made of high-quality materials. the hooks are really sturdy and won’t snag whether you use heavy curtains.
The rollerballs add extra smoothness while you are gliding the curtains. The curtains are not like old-fashioned C shaped hooks so there is no chance of the curtains to fall.
The installation is very easy, simply just open the curtain hook clasp and loop them in the opening of the curtain and the rod, after that you will close the clasp.
The hooks can stretch up to 1 inch without snagging. The rods are corrosion-free. The polished surface gives it a great look. It can pair up with any kind of bathroom fitting. The hooks are friction free.
There is a money back guarantee within 60 days if you are not satisfied. The hooks are sealed shut, so it is impossible for the curtains to fall.
3. Utipia Double Glide Roller Shower Curtain Ring/Hooks
It is made of 100% stainless steel and polished with chrome so it is rust free. The package comes with 12 sets of hooks. The hooks are really shiny and look luxurious and expensive.
The materials are nonmagnetic so it will last longer. The 69X39 MK size allows the swift movement very easy. The hooks have professional finishing to protect it from damage due to moisture. Has a 100% money-back guarantee on dissatisfaction.
The removing and replacing of the curtains will consume less time with these hooks. The quality of the hooks overall is very good. The liner and the curtain hangs very well with these hooks. The design is easy to install and is brilliant. It has an opportunity of either taking off the liner or curtain at a time or both.
The steels are highly magnetic and so they can be stuck to any kind of magnetic or steel surface. This may be a mixed experience for you as this feature is sometimes helpful and sometimes annoying.
Many complained about the color of the product, as the manufacturer said that they are golden in color but many got their product in gray or black color. So, you need to be careful if you are very sensitive about the color.
4. Wimaha Rustproof Shower Curtain Rings
This set of hooks are made of stainless steel and brass and polished for a great look. These are rustproof. And won’t corrode away due to the gliding for a long time. The hooks are very smooth and glide very comfortably over the rods. It looks very smart and attractive and can pair up with any bathroom hardware.
The installation is very simple. It is adaptable to the hottest environment also. The cleaning process is very easy too, just wipe hooks with the damp cloth. You can hang a liner and a curtain at both sides of the hooks. It won’t snag.
There are five rollers at each hook, which reduces the friction and glides very smoothly. The hooks won’t balance properly if your liner and curtain don’t weigh the same. So the shape of the hook is not good. But if the curtain and liner weigh the same then it works great.
It doesn’t let the curtain fly with the pressure of water or air produced inside. It is very thick and heavy, chances to break are minimal. It provides a nice separation between the liner and the curtain.
5. LIHAO closed style rust proof shower curtain ring
Here we got a LIHAO 12 piece set that is a heavy duty product and safe and secured. They are easy to use, durable and also look wonderful that will increase the inner beauty of your bathroom.
Type-304 non magnetic steel is used in this product that means it will not be an annoying fact while using steel or magnetic surfaces. Though magnetic hooks are sometimes useful as most of the products in your bathroom are mainly of ceramic or tiles.
The hooks are chrome plated with stainless steel underneath. It has a polished finishing which gives it an expensive look. It does look great in any bathroom. The hooks are durable and nonmagnetic.
The shape of the product is also unique, it helps to use it more precisely and make the whole process more efficient. So don’t need to be tense after hanging your stuff on the hook.
It is rustproof too. The bearing balls are very smooth, it glides easily over the rod. The balls also eliminate snagging, tugging and the pulling of the curtains.
6. Shower curtain hooks ring with clips hanger
Unlike many in the market this brings an ornamental look to the shower. Mainly due to its shininess and the balls on top. Following the principle of carabiner, you’ll have to press it open. This simple yet genius mechanism brings longevity and rigidity to the hooks.
Having a similar mechanism to that of the carabiner the installation process no longer remains a process. I can’t get over it’s looks, stainless steel gives a shiny look and brings a majestic vibe.
Just like the last one these are also highly recommended in places apart from the bathroom shower. Hanging lightweight chandeliers to fancy light strips for your party can easily be handled by this tiny bad boy.
Rust is the last thing you’ll get from these. Being crafted out of stainless steel, you won’t face any degradation from the materials.
7. Mydio 50 pack stainless steel curtain clip
That’s a lot of clips for the prize, one pack will be enough for a mansion. Each being about 2.4 inch, it’s a pretty decent dimension. Thus it won’t be creating too much of a gap on top of the curtain.
Being manufactured out of stainless steel, it can take quite the thrashing from water and still remain uncorroded and uncontaminated from rust. That’s a key factor that you’re all looking for when grabbing a shower curtain hook.
At times the curtain tends to get heavier and not hooks are muscular enough to take that stress. But this one is, mainly due to it’s stainless steel construction and fortified tension clips. You’ll find hooks which are being straightened due to the weight of the curtain, that won’t be the case here.
It’s a multipurpose kit, you’ll see it’s being used here and there for hanging lanterns and various forms of lighting strips on parties. It’s decor in your bathroom as well as your parties.
Things to Consider Before You Buy a Shower Curtain Hook and Ring
Hooks Snapping off the rod during the warmth of a bath – can you just imagine! Even the best shower hooks may not be the perfect one for your curtains. Let’s find where you fit in while we discuss and suggest materials through features to quantity.
Materials
The weight of your liner or curtain mainly dictates the strength your curtain hooks or rings should come with. Fulfilling a bunch of criteria may meet your need, but the build material is at the core of all.
Stainless Steel
Robust among the choices, stainless steel comes with a package of shower environment defenses. As for the name, steel is the hardest material option available. And as for the adjective, ‘stainless’ is the much needed and must-have feature for any humid surroundings.
So if you have a heavy velvet, linen or synthetic curtain such hooks are not just the best option, rather an unavoidable one.
Plastic
If your bathroom curtain has a greater ratio of cotton or any other lighter fabric blend, you may opt for plastic hooks and rings. Such curtains usually don’t force the plastic hooks to snap unless handled roughly. But if your tub is close to the liner or drape of your shower and you have kids one or two, avoid them.
Those lightweight hooks offer a few color options and are greatly affordable. Clear ones are found to be sold in packages too.
Must be Non Magnetic
Curtains should be sturdy enough and nonmagnetic materials are proved to be longer-lasting than others. Who wants to change the curtain hooks every week?
Rust Proof
A shower curtain hook will often come into contact with water. So for better durability, the hooks must be waterproof or rustproof. Rust-proof shower curtain rings are a must for the shower curtains. Stainless steel is a proven material for rust-free shower curtain hooks. Chrome and nickel finish are the other solutions that produce no rust shower curtain hooks too. Simply, the best shower curtain hooks don’t contain any rust.
Anti-Corrosion
Every time you glide your curtains, there is a high risk that it corrodes a small portion of the hooks and chip them away. This happens because of the friction created between the rod and the hooks. Well, the bathroom curtain rods are to be preventive to abrasions and rust in the first place.
As far as the hooks are concerned, plastic ones are the safest option. Though they may degrade environmentally, that’s an infinity beyond corrosive metals counterparts. Checking rust is the primary anti corrosive prevention you will get among the metals hooks.
Roller Balls
Other than looking for the topmost anti-corrosive material in the business, you can always go for the cheaper yet effective enough alternative solution – rollerball hooks. The balls on the hook will reduce the friction between the rod and the hooks dramatically.
But make sure the balls on the hook are also built with the same materials as the hooks, preferably nickel or chrome coated. This makes them strong enough to stand the weight of the curtain. 5 balls construction ensures easy gliding and less snagging. Less ball count requires bigger balls that result in sliding back and forth.
Looks of the hook
Although the hooks are very small and seem hideous, a shiny set of hooks can really compliment your bathroom. Always try to choose a shiny silver colored hook. Such hooks are known to match with any background of a bathroom.
Medallion shower hooks having braided texture are the finest options according to the most positive compliments. Addition of crystals on hooks adds enough decor to your bathroom curtains, though adds the same to its price. Chrome plated ones provide its brown elegance of standard look yet leaves no safety behind.
Theme
Sylvan to rustic, every theme has its own to deliver. Yes, even the simplest of shower curtain hooks will let you match your mood. Mermaid, fish or shell inspired hooks deliver the nautical touch to your curtain. Besides, the options are wide enough to choose from floral patterns to touch of fauna.
Design
Curtain hooks aren’t just designed for fashion and innovation, meeting every other purpose is the prime goal of manufacturers. Like if you use the only curtain without any liner with a constricted budget then a set of classic C shaped or S-shaped hooks are a good option.
For hanging both liner and curtain dual hooks will be best. And if you are tired of the curtains falling every time you glide it fast, then a circular hook or ring will be the best choice. Differences are created for different needs and serve.
How Many
Hooks that come in packages, usually, come in a count of 12 or 24. Surely thick metal hooks and rings may come in smaller packages whereas plastic ones may number in a lot more. Greater number of pieces is always better as you may snap or break in an unpleasant time.
Measure the curtain holding rod and divide it with a hand span. This is actually the least quantity you can go for. Note that the more the number or rings and hooks, the less stress the rod, liner and hooks themselves will have to deal with.
Installation
The more hassle-free the installation process is the more you will be comfortable fitting it. Hooks are easy to put on your shower curtain rod. Handling rings aren’t as easy as them as they invoke the pain of releasing the rods first. But easy gliding ones and those having clasps should always find themselves at the top of the list.
Different Types of Shower Curtain Hooks
Shower curtain hooks are also found to be in diversified patterns. You can find C shaped hooks, circular hooks, roller balls hooks, S-shaped hooks, and dual hooks. Different shower curtain hooks will serve different satisfaction with your experience of curtain gliding and hanging. The best shower curtain hooks for curved rods will not work for straight rods, and straight rod hooks won’t work for curved rods.
C Shaped Shower Curtain Hook
The name of the hooks says it all. The C shaped hook design preserves the tradition of curtain hooks. Its installation is as simple as its shape. You will just need to insert the lower part of the hook into the curtain holes and hang it over the shower curtain rods.
These classic shower curtain hooks are usually made of plastic or strong rubbers. They offer a little space between its ends on one side to prevent curtains from falling. But it will need to expand to let the rod enter it. Its metal counterparts are strong enough to tackle snaps but have a wider opening to fit the rod.
Metal C shaped rods will usually have a small ball fixed at the lower end of the structure to prevent the curtain from falling. The downsides of these hooks may create friction while you are gliding the curtain, which will make the task a hustle.
S-Shaped Shower Curtain Hooks
These S-shaped hooks are usually made of very strong materials. The upper part that will hang with the rod looks bigger than the lower part that holds the curtain.
The installation is very simple. You will just insert the curtain in the lower part of the S and then hang the upper part of the hook to the rod. Like the C shaped shower curtain hooks, this particular hook has also chances of corrosion due to a long time of usage.
Circular Shower Curtain Hooks
Often hooks come off through the openings on any side, mostly the plastic C hooks. The curtain weight makes it happen so, especially if heavily wet. Circular shower curtain hooks are a solution to these.
With Clasps
This hook looks like a big ring. It has an opening or closing clasps. Usually made of strong materials but you can also find them made of strong plastics also.
With Extension
There are other kinds of circular shower curtain hooks available. These hooks look like big rings with an extension. The rings won’t contain any clasp in it, but the extension will.
Dual Shower Curtain Hooks
The extra facilities of the dual shower curtain hooks are that you can hang a liner and a curtain both at a time. This hook looks like a question mark with two platforms at the bottom, one for liner and the other for the curtain.
These hooks may contain roller balls at the top. If it doesn’t then there is a great chance it will corrode away too.
Rollerballs Shower Curtain Rods
Rollerballs are the latest and greatest innovation that can happen to a shower curtain hooks. Rollerballs are a small smooth ball that is added to the part of the hook which is used to hang it with the rod. The roller balls lessen the effect of friction and make the gliding of the curtain light as air and very comfortable.
The best part is it will eliminate the chances of corrosion into 99 percent. Any shape of the shape of a hook that will adopt these rollerballs will be recognized as roller balls shower curtain hooks.
How To Hang Shower Curtain Hooks?
I’ve brought out this lame section mainly because I’ve seen folks asking this question. Most of the curtain hooks are simply, you just gotta place them, that’s it, plug and play.
But then there’s a few which follows the working principle of a carabiner. For those, you’ll have to push the lips to create an opening and then hook it to the rod. And then there’s a few which went a bit overboard on being heavy duty. You’ll have to unscrew a tube to create an opening to hook it onto the rod.
How To Hang Shower Curtain Rings?
Setting up a ring for your shower curtain might just be a bit more time consuming than the hooks. Not harder per say. You’ll have to take off the shower rod and then slide in the rings. Now, you’ll have to put the rod back in position. So, you’re all ready and set to hand the curtain. Press the clasps to hang the curtain.
FAQ
1. How to prevent curtains from falling off the rods?
A. The problem may have arisen due to the imbalance of the curtains. This imbalance may occur with a C shaped hooks or a double hook. If it is a C shaped hook then changing it to a circle hook is a better option.
If it is a double hook then, the possible reason is that the liner and the curtain are not of the same weight. Get a liner and a curtain of equal weight.
2. How do I find double shower curtain hooks which do not rust?
Ans. Get yourself a hook which is made of stainless steel or any other non-magnetic metals. Nonmagnetic and stainless steel do not rust. Or you can also choose hooks which are polished with chrome or nickel. They produce rust proof shower curtain hooks too.
3. My shower curtain hook corrodes away every few months later after I install it. What can I do about it?
Ans. Shower curtains are prone to glide very often than other ordinary curtains. The rod and the hook creates a friction whole gliding which makes it corrode away. You can find a hook with roller balls in it. Rollerballs help to reduce the friction and make it glide smoothly and effortlessly.
4. How do I install a ring-shaped shower curtain hook?
Ans. Ring-shaped shower curtain hooks can be found in two designs, one with opening clasps and the other without any opening claps. If it has clasps then, open it and insert the curtain and the rod and close it. And if it is without clasp then you will need to uninstall the rod first and then insert the hooks into it.
After you finish these, install the rods again. The hooks without clasp usually have extensions with clasps to hang the curtain
5. Do these rings and hooks fit with thermal curtains?
Ans: Yes, obviously.
Conclusion
It is quite possible that a hook worked flawless for others but doesn’t even fit properly in your bathroom. The reasons can be the difference between their rod and curtains with your ones. So it is the best option to choose hooks all by yourself and that’s where this whole article fits in.
Ball Rollers are the hot fav ones and the 5 balls hooks of Wrenwane offer the perfect performance in that regard. Both the strengths of stainless steel and chrome finish pushes this premium hook to the top. But if you have both liners and curtains Maytex metal double rollers are best shower curtain hooks for you.
Among the cheaper alternatives, mDesign’s textured plastic bathroom curtain/ liner hook rings will still avail that classy touch. And as a package, the 50 Pack Steel Clips of Mydio will suffice you as a deal-breaker.
You might be interested in: The 12 best affordable bathroom decorating ideas
References: